- (Topic 2)
Alice, a professional hacker, targeted an organization's cloud services. She infiltrated the targets MSP provider by sending spear-phishing emails and distributed custom-made malware to compromise user accounts and gain remote access to the cloud service. Further, she accessed the target customer profiles with her MSP account, compressed the customer data, and stored them in the MSP. Then, she used this information to launch further attacks on the target organization. Which of the following cloud attacks did Alice perform in the above scenario?

Correct Answer:A
Operation Cloud Hopper was an in depth attack and theft of data in 2017 directed at MSP within the uk (U.K.), us (U.S.), Japan, Canada, Brazil, France, Switzerland, Norway, Finland, Sweden, South Africa , India, Thailand, South Korea and Australia. The group used MSP as intermediaries to accumulate assets and trade secrets from MSP client engineering, MSP industrial manufacturing, retail, energy, pharmaceuticals, telecommunications, and government agencies.Operation Cloud Hopper used over 70 variants of backdoors, malware and trojans. These were delivered through spear-phishing emails. The attacks scheduled tasks or leveraged services/utilities to continue Microsoft Windows systems albeit the pc system was rebooted. It installed malware and hacking tools to access systems and steal data.

- (Topic 2)
Techno Security Inc. recently hired John as a penetration tester. He was tasked with identifying open ports in the target network and determining whether the ports are online and any firewall rule sets are encountered. John decided to perform a TCP SYN ping scan on the target network. Which of the following Nmap commands must John use to perform the TCP SYN ping scan?

Correct Answer:C
https://hub.packtpub.com/discovering-network-hosts-with-tcp-syn-and-tcp-ack-ping-scans-in-nmaptutorial/

- (Topic 1)
You just set up a security system in your network. In what kind of system would you find the following string of characters used as a rule within its configuration? alert tcp any any -> 192.168.100.0/24 21 (msg: ????FTP on the network!????;)

Correct Answer:D

- (Topic 2)
What is the common name for a vulnerability disclosure program opened by companies In platforms such as HackerOne?

Correct Answer:B
Bug bounty programs allow independent security researchers to report bugs to an companies and receive rewards or compensation. These bugs area unit sometimes security exploits and vulnerabilities, although they will additionally embody method problems, hardware flaws, and so on.
The reports area unit usually created through a program travel by associate degree freelance third party (like Bugcrowd or HackerOne). The companies can got wind of (and
run) a program curated to the organization??s wants.
Programs is also non-public (invite-only) wherever reports area unit unbroken confidential to the organization or public (where anyone will sign in and join). they will happen over a collection timeframe or with without stopping date (though the second possibility is a lot of common).
Who uses bug bounty programs?Many major organizations use bug bounties as an area of their security program, together with AOL, Android, Apple, Digital Ocean, and goldman Sachs. you??ll read an inventory of all the programs offered by major bug bounty suppliers, Bugcrowd and HackerOne, at these links.
Why do corporations use bug bounty programs?Bug bounty programs provide corporations the flexibility to harness an outsized cluster of hackers so as to seek out bugs in their code. This gives them access to a bigger variety of hackers or testers than they??d be able to access on a one-on-one basis. It {can also|also will|can even|may also|may} increase the probabilities that bugs area unit found and reported to them before malicious hackers can exploit them.
It may also be an honest publicity alternative for a firm. As bug bounties became a lot of common, having a bug bounty program will signal to the general public and even regulators that a corporation incorporates a mature security program.
This trend is likely to continue, as some have began to see bug bounty programs as an business normal that all companies ought to invest in.
Why do researchers and hackers participate in bug bounty programs?Finding and news bugs via a bug bounty program may end up in each money bonuses and recognition. In some cases, it will be a good thanks to show real-world expertise once you are looking for employment, or will even facilitate introduce you to parents on the protection team within an companies.
This can be full time income for a few of us, income to supplement employment, or the way to point out off your skills and find a full time job.
It may also be fun! it is a nice (legal) probability to check out your skills against huge companies and government agencies.
What area unit the disadvantages of a bug bounty program for independent researchers and hackers?A lot of hackers participate in these varieties of programs, and it will be tough to form a major quantity of cash on the platform.
In order to say the reward, the hacker has to be the primary person to submit the bug to the program. meaning that in apply, you may pay weeks searching for a bug to use, solely to be the person to report it and build no cash.
Roughly ninety seven of participants on major bug bounty platforms haven??t sold-out a bug. In fact, a 2019 report from HackerOne confirmed that out of quite three hundred,000 registered users, solely around two.5% received a bounty in their time on the platform. Essentially, most hackers are not creating a lot of cash on these platforms, and really few square measure creating enough to switch a full time wage (plus they do not have
advantages like vacation days, insurance, and retirement planning).
What square measure the disadvantages of bug bounty programs for organizations?These programs square measure solely helpful if the program ends up in the companies realizeing issues that they weren??t able to find themselves (and if they??ll fix those problems)! If the companies is not mature enough to be able to quickly rectify known problems, a bug bounty program is not the right alternative for his or her companies.
Also, any bug bounty program is probably going to draw in an outsized range of submissions, several of which can not be high-quality submissions. a corporation must be ready to cope with the exaggerated volume of alerts, and also the risk of a coffee signal to noise magnitude relation (essentially that it??s probably that they??re going to receive quite few unhelpful reports for each useful report).
Additionally, if the program does not attract enough participants (or participants with the incorrect talent set, and so participants are not able to establish any bugs), the program is not useful for the companies.
The overwhelming majority of bug bounty participants consider web site vulnerabilities (72%, per HackerOn), whereas solely a number of (3.5%) value more highly to seek for package vulnerabilities.
This is probably because of the actual fact that hacking in operation systems (like network hardware and memory) needs a big quantity of extremely specialised experience. this implies that firms may even see vital come on investment for bug bounties on websites, and not for alternative applications, notably those that need specialised experience.
This conjointly implies that organizations which require to look at AN application or web site among a selected time-frame may not need to rely on a bug bounty as there is no guarantee of once or if they receive reports.
Finally, it are often probably risky to permit freelance researchers to try to penetrate your network. this could end in public speech act of bugs, inflicting name harm within the limelight (which could end in individuals not eager to purchase the organizations?? product or service), or speech act of bugs to additional malicious third parties, United Nations agency may use this data to focus on the organization.

- (Topic 2)
Study the snort rule given below and interpret the rule. alert tcp any any --> 192.168.1.0/24 111
(content:"|00 01 86 a5|"; msG. "mountd access";)

Correct Answer:D

- (Topic 3)
Kevin, a professional hacker, wants to penetrate CyberTech Inc.??s network. He employed a technique, using which he encoded packets with Unicode characters. The company??s IDS cannot recognize the packet, but the target web server can decode them.
What is the technique used by Kevin to evade the IDS system?

Correct Answer:B
Adversaries could decide to build an possible or file difficult to find or analyze by encrypting, encoding, or otherwise obfuscating its contents on the system or in transit. this is often common behavior which will be used across totally different platforms and therefore the network to evade defenses.
Payloads may be compressed, archived, or encrypted so as to avoid detection. These payloads may be used throughout Initial Access or later to mitigate detection. typically a user??s action could also be needed to open and Deobfuscate/Decode Files or info for User Execution. The user can also be needed to input a parole to open a parole protected compressed/encrypted file that was provided by the mortal. Adversaries can also used compressed or archived scripts, like JavaScript.
Portions of files can even be encoded to cover the plain-text strings that will otherwise facilitate defenders with discovery. Payloads can also be split into separate, ostensibly
benign files that solely reveal malicious practicality once reassembled.
Adversaries can also modify commands dead from payloads or directly via a Command and Scripting Interpreter. surroundings variables, aliases, characters, and different platform/language specific linguistics may be wont to evade signature based mostly detections and application management mechanisms.